Practice String manipulation and Interpreters with the exercise "8086 Assembler, part I"

Learning Opportunities

This puzzle can be solved using the following concepts. Practice using these concepts and improve your skills.

Statement

Goal

This multi-part puzzle creates a (partial) 8086 assembler and produces executable code, which actually works on DOS emulators for 8086. Through each part, you will learn and enrich your assembler to implement 80% of the 8086 assembler features and roughly 25% of all commands as well as some linkage actions.

The aim of part 1 is to parse assembly commands and display the assembled code next to the program, useful for debugging in the next parts.

Registers (REG)
The 8086 CPU consists of 4 main registers of 16 bits (R16): AX, BX, CX, DX.

Each R16 register consists of 2 sub-registers of 8 bits (R8) for high (H) and low (L), e.g. AX = AH + AL.

Each register has a code:


AX=0 AL=0 AH=4
CX=1 CL=1 CH=5
DX=2 DL=2 DH=6
BX=3 BL=3 BH=7

Grammar
1/ Each line of the assembly program is a comment or a command. Empty lines are ignored.
2/ A comment starts with ; and the rest of the line is ignored.
3/ A command is composed of characters, digits and _, but never starts with a digit.
3.1/ A command has 0 to 2 arguments (also called operands), which are separated by ,.
3.2/ A command may be followed by a comment.
3.3/ The assembly language is not case-sensitive except for a character constant (see below).
4/ An argument is either REG or an immediate value (IMM).
4.1/ REG is R16 or R8.
4.2/ IMM is a 16-bit (I16) or 8-bit (I8) value which is unsigned (I16: 0..65535/I8: 0..255) or signed (I16: -32768..32767/I8: -128..127).
4.3/ IMM is:
• a number,
• a character, which represents its ASCII value,
• $(always encoded using the full size of the destination register), which represents the current byte code position, or
• a number resulting from the evaluation of an expression
4.4/ Numbers are decimal by default. A binary number ends with b. A hexadecimal number starts with 0x, or starts with a digit and ends with h.
4.5/ Single quotes are used to define a character, e.g. 'A'. \ is used as the escape character if the character is ' or \.
4.6/ Assembled code positions start from 0.
4.7/ + - * / (floor division) and ( ) are used in an IMM expression. When an IMM expression is assembled, it is evaluated using the usual operator precedence and replaced by the result.

Commands
When a command uses 2 operands, the first one is the target T and the second one is the source S.

AX and AL are treated as primary accumulators (ACC) by some commands when the IMM command argument matches the number of bits (I16 for AX, I8 for AL).

In Part I, we will use 3 commands. The conversion table below lists their operand types and corresponding instructions encodings:


MOV arg1, arg2 Moves a source (arg2) to a target (arg1)
REG, REG: 88+w C0+8*S+T
R16, I16: B0+8*w+T data
R8,  I8 : B0+8*w+T data

ADD arg1, arg2 Adds a source (arg2) to a target (arg1)
REG, REG: 00+w C0+8*S+T
ACC, IMM: 04+w data
R16, I16: 81 C0+T data
R16, I8:  83 C0+T data	(I8 will be sign-extended)
R8,  I8:  80 C0+T data

INT arg Generates a software interrupt
I8: CD data

Notes:
• w = 1 for R16, 0 for R8. The target register determines the number of bits.
• T and S are register codes, e.g. 0 for AX.
• If IMM does not match the size of the destination, it will be sign-extended when executed.
• IMM is classified as I16 or I8 based on the smallest valid range supported by the instruction. For example, 10 is I8 in add ax, 10 but I16 in mov ax, 10.
• data is IMM expressed in 4 hexadecimal digits for I16, and 2 for I8.
• data is stored using little endian encoding where the least significant byte comes first.
• Negative numbers are encoded using the two's complement representation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s_complement.

Task
For each line of the assembly program, output the details below:


Position in assembled code  |  Hex codes  |  Source code

A comment line is output without a position or hex codes.

In case of a compilation error, output the following only:
Line x: error message
where:
x is the program line number (starts from 1).
error message is one of the following:
• Unknown command
• Invalid number of arguments
• Invalid expression or argument
• Invalid operand: an operand does not match command needs (e.g the INT command accepts I8 only)

Example


; Basic example
mov ax, 10h

mov ax, 10h corresponds to MOV REG, IMM in the conversion table, and its encoding is B0+8*w+T data.
1st part (opcode): w = 1 (AX is R16) and T = 0 (AX = 0) => B8
2nd part (data): It is 16-bit (AX is R16), hence 10h => 0x0010, or 0x10 0x00 in little endian encoding.
Full assembled instruction: B8 10 00

Output is hence:


     |                    | ; Basic example
0000 | B8 10 00           | mov ax, 10h

Input

Line 1: An integer N for the number of lines in the following assembly program
Next N lines: A string LINE for a line in the assembly program

Output

The assembled code in the following format:


ADDR  |  HEX CODE  |  SOURCE CODE

ADDR is the starting position of HEX CODE in the assembled code. It consists of 4 hexadecimal digits (uppercase).
HEX CODE is max 6 bytes (uppercase hexadecimal) separated by spaces.
SOURCE CODE is the line of assembly source code. Any trailing spaces in the source code should be removed.

Constraints

1 ≤ N ≤ 50.
0 ≤ number of characters in LINE ≤ 99.

Example

Input

5
; This is a basic example
mov ax, 10h ; this is a hexa value
mov cx, ax
mov dx, $
mov ch, $

Output

     |                   | ; This is a basic example
0000 | B8 10 00          | mov ax, 10h ; this is a hexa value
0003 | 89 C1             | mov cx, ax
0005 | BA 05 00          | mov dx, $
0008 | B5 08             | mov ch, $

Solve it

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